For most of his life, Murray Barr was an ordinary American. Everything changed abruptly when his story of personal tragedy and period of homelessness created a media frenzy.
Malcolm Gladwell, in his article Million Dollar Murray, used Murray as an example of how homelessness was costing taxpayers in Reno, Nevada, about $1 million USdespite Murray not having a permanent home.
Murray’s story shocked many because it seemed unfathomable that homelessness cost money. In reality, this is far too common.
People without a home, and lacking supports for mental illness and addiction, can draw significantly on social services for survival, including shelters, social agencies and hospitals. They also tend to interact more frequently with police, fire and paramedic services — those agencies on the frontlines, dealing with the visible symptoms of homelessness. This all costs money.
In Canada, for persons struggling with homelessness and mental illness, the annual costs are $53,144 per person. This number comes from research published this summer from the At Home Chez Soi project, which calculates the cost of those often termed “hard to house.”
The study assessed the effectiveness of Housing First in five cities — Vancouver, Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal and Moncton. The project was massive, using $110 million to end homelessness by providing housing and key supports delivered by specialized teams with small caseloads. The outcome demonstrated clearly that Housing First is a much more effective model than the current fractured set of supports used to assist people struggling with mental illness and homelessness, where costs can rapidly escalate as they did with “Million Dollar Murray.”
The Housing First model saves money by curbing the over-consumption of services. Not only did the project prove Housing First effectively ends homelessness for an estimated 15 per cent of the homeless population struggling with mental illness, but it also concluded that Housing First can offset much of the $53,000-per-person cost of doing nothing or relying too heavily on the current system.
It is important to note that the average cost of homelessness ranged from just more than $29,000 in Moncton to a high of $59,000 in Toronto (Vancouver fell in the middle at $53,000, while Winnipeg and Montreal sat at $45,500 and $53,000 respectively). The recent research also highlights a tremendous range when looking at the highest users of services, which varied from a little more than $15,000 to $340,000 per person per year.
Why does it cost so much to be homeless?
Not surprisingly, the biggest allocation in each city was the provision of health-related services, with 48 per cent of Vancouver’s costs going toward health. Both Montreal and Toronto had more than 40 per cent directed to health services, including substance-use treatment, emergency-room visits and psychiatric services.
The second largest cost was related to legal issues, including incarceration, police interaction and court appearances. This translated into a high of 25 per cent in Toronto or nearly $15,000 per person. The other cities ranged from 15 per cent to closer to 20 per cent.
A third key area was the cost of shelters and supported housing. Again, there was a range, with Montreal hitting almost 18 per cent while the other cities hovered between 10 per cent in Winnipeg and about 14 per cent in Toronto.
The variations among cities tell us that each has a unique set of factors that must be addressed with local solutions and plans. But the overall pattern of spending and need is clear: health, legal issues and shelters cost money. Homelessness is costly.
So, what does Housing First cost? For the highest-need users, the Housing First model costs $22,257, while those with more moderate needs cost $14,177 per year.
Those working on local plans to end homelessness have been waiting patiently on the federal government for the promised National Housing Strategy — with hopes that their efforts will be supported. The national strategy should also be co-ordinated with provincial and municipal frameworks so that all three levels of government and community agencies and non-profits are working together.
We need the broadest system alignment to deal effectively with the complex needs of persons struggling with homelessness.
Ending homeless is complex. The research tells us that we have to address the underlying health and socio-economic circumstances of those transitioning from homelessness. There is real hope for success if we can provide access to the right set of services using a Housing First approach. Only then can we reduce the heavy economic burden of homelessness.
Jino Distasio is an expert adviser with EvidenceNetwork.ca, an associate professor of geography at the University of Winnipeg and director of the Institute of Urban Studies.
