For those returning home after the holidays, here’s a question you might have pondered: Why does it cost so much to travel?
Answer: government policy.
Consider two examples, starting with taxi fares. Across Canada, cities limit the number of taxi licences available, allowing drivers, we are told, to make a decent living and consumers to know the cabs they step into are safe.
Nonsense. An open market in taxicabs, where anyone or any company who wants a licence can get one (subject to reasonable safety requirements, of course), would not only reduce fares, but wouldn’t automatically mean drivers make less. Those who choose to drive solo, or formed co-ops, or started a smaller cab company, might well make more money even while passenger fares were reduced.
A few years back in Washington, D.C., I was picked up by a driver-owned cab. The driver made his living solely from picking passengers up off the street. He preferred this to working for some company because his income was greater and he could also set his own hours.
When cities limit the number of taxi licences, the price of such licences increases to levels that only a select few can afford. The last time I talked to a cab driver about his costs, drivers paid several hundred dollars per week to the cab company, plus fuel, for the privilege of driving a taxi. Cut out the middlemen and drivers could make more, even as fares are reduced.
A competitive taxi cab market need not sacrifice security and quality. Drivers and their vehicles could still be licensed and regulated, with requirements that address the driver’s character, safety of the vehicle and so on.
Reform would be useful. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development surveyed 17 countries on taxis in 2007. It found that those who had “removed or loosened supply restrictions on taxis” ended up with strongly positive results: “Reduced waiting times, increased consumer satisfaction and, in many cases, falling prices.”
That’s one example of how governments artificially inflate travel costs. Here’s another: airline fares.
In 2012, I compared European countries, Canada and the U.S. on kilometre-for-kilometre flight costs. I compared five return domestic flights of roughly similar kilometres with a total of 5,400 kilometres flown (and within the same jurisdiction, i.e., just in Canada, or in the U.S., or in a select European country).
The five European tickets cost just $689.68, with taxes and fees at 36 per cent of the total fare price; the U.S. total was $841.10, with taxes and fees at 16 per cent; the five Canadian fares cost $1,815.14, including taxes and fees at 28 per cent.
When I performed the same calculations on cross-border return flights of similar individual distances (Canada-U.S. flights versus cross-border flights in the European Union), the five-fare bill for the 10,000 total kilometres flown was $1,277.94 in Europe. That included 43 per cent in taxes and fees. In North America, the five return fares with 9,660 kilometres flown would set back a passenger $2,266.13, with taxes and fees at 22 per cent of the total.
Given that taxes and fees are higher in Europe, that means another factor helps explain the lower European fares: competition.
Europe’s pro-consumer ticket prices exist because European airlines and even airports have fiercely competed for passengers ever since the European Union air-travel market was opened up to full competition in 1997. Any carrier from any member country can pick up and drop off passengers anywhere, regardless of the airline’s home country.
That’s a policy known as cabotage. But Europe’s open skies are in distinct contrast to North America. Here, both U.S. and Canadian governments still prohibit foreign-owned airlines from offering wholly domestic flights in our markets.
Because neither the U.S. nor Canada allows foreign carriers to pick up and drop off customers in their respective countries (they can do only one or the other), competition is less than it would be if the European approach were in play. That results in higher airline fares.
If governments embraced competition more robustly, consumers would have nothing to lose but their overpriced taxi fares and high-priced airline tickets.
Mark Milke is a senior fellow at the Fraser Institute.
